Scan-Path-Controlled Cellular Refinement and Passivation of LPBF 316L Stainless Steel in Chloride Solution
Abstract
Corrosion properties of 316L stainless steel via laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) arise due to the interactions between fusion continuity, scan return time, melt pool width, grain size, cellular spacing, and passive film resistance. This study establishes an admission procedure for fusion-first corrosion of LPBF 316L with scan paths chosen in the presence of the dense condition. In contrast with the method of weighted ranking, the present method of choosing scan paths includes meeting the set of physical conditions: high relative density, small melt pool width, small grain-cell structure, and high passive film resistance. Calculation of the method applies the experimental parameters for gas atomized 316L powder, mean particle diameter \SI{21.84 \pm 0.76}{\micro\meter}, LPBF processing with \SI{50}{\micro\meter} layer height, \SI{90}{\micro\meter} hatch spacing, \SI{72}{\micro\meter} laser beam diameter, nitrogen shielding, and inter-layer rotation angle \SI{67}{\degree}. Increasing the energy series 44.4, 47.6, 50.0, and \SI{60.9}{\joule\per\milli\meter\cubed} led to increasing of relative density from about 96.4\% to 99.8\%, and the densest condition was utilized for comparison of stripe, island black/white, and continuous scans. Continuous scanning created the most compact corrosion-relevant conditions with \SI{130 \pm 15}{\micro\meter} melt pool width, \SI{39.5}{\micro\meter} grain size, average cellular spacing of \SI{0.426}{\micro\meter}, |Z|0.01 close to 140 kΩcm2, Rp close to 360 kΩcm2, pitting potential of \SI{370}{\milli\volt} vs. Ag/AgCl, and lowest relative corrosion current response. Island black/white scanning reached the dense condition but failed the conditions on cell spacing and film resistance. However, stripe scanning did not meet the conditions of melt-pool compaction and was poor in grain cell refinement and impedances. The summary comes out clearly that it is only through continuous scanning that all corrosion acceptance criteria of polished LPBF 316L in 3.5 wt\% NaCl are met.